Correlación entre la adicción a la comida y niveles del ácido araquidónico en adultos con obesidad tras intervenciones nutricionales

Introducción: Los endocannabinoides son una diana en el tratamiento de la obesidad y se producen a partir de ácidos grasos esenciales, los derivados del ácido linoleico actúan como agonistas de los receptores cannabinoides tipo 1 (CB1), asimismo, los derivados del ácido linolénico ejercen efectos de antagonistas de dichos receptores, por lo cual se plantea que modificar el consumo dietario de los ácidos grasos omega 3 y 6 podría modular la activación del sistema endocannabinoide, lo que podría ser favorable para personas con adicción a la comida, considerando cómo este sistema promueve la actividad de las vías dopaminérgicas que se alteran en la adicción a sustancias psicoactivas. Objetivo: Analizar la correlación entre el puntaje de adicción a la comida por la escala mYFAS 2.0 y los niveles plasmáticos de ácido araquidónico en adultos con obesidad tras modular la ingesta de alimentos fuente de ácidos grasos esenciales. Metodología: Se desarrolló un estudio piloto con diseño de ensayo clínico cruzado en dos tiempos, en donde los participantes recibieron los tratamientos estándar y experimental, en estos se brindaron planes siguiendo recomendaciones para el manejo nutricional de la obesidad, adicionalmente, el tratamiento experimental contó con pautas para disminuir el consumo del Omega 6 y aumentar el consumo de Omega 3 para obtener una relación menor a 5:1 entre estos ácidos grasos. Resultados: Se observó una disminución significativa en el puntaje de adicción a la comida y los niveles plasmáticos de ácido araquidónico en los participantes tras recibir el tratamiento experimental, presentando una correlación directamente proporcional entre estas, por otro lado, el tratamiento estándar estuvo asociado a una correlación inversamente proporcional entre estos. Conclusiones: El descenso en las concentraciones plasmáticas del ácido araquidónico fue asociado a un menor puntaje en la escala mYFAS 2.0 de adicción a la comida en los participantes de este estudio tras su exposición al tratamiento experimental.

Introduction: Endocannabinoids are a target in obesity treatment and they are produced from the essential fatty acids, the metabolites of linoleic acid act as agonists of the cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1), likewise, the metabolites of the linolenic acid act as inverse agonists of such receptors, hence, it is proposed that modifying the dietary intake of the essential fatty acids (Omega 6 and 3) may modulate the activation of the endocannabinoid system, this could be favorable for people with food addiction, considering how this system promotes the activity of the dopaminergic pathways that are altered in the psychoactive substances addiction. Objective: To analyze the correlation between the food addiction score and plasmatic levels of arachidonic acid in adults with obesity following a modulation of the dietary intake of essential fatty acids n-6 and n-3 food sources. Methods: A pilot study was carried out with a two-period crossover clinical trial design, in which the participants received standard and experimental treatments, in these programs, plans were provided following guidelines for the nutritional management of obesity, in addition, the experimental treatment included recommendations to reduce the intake of linoleic acid and to increase the intake of linolenic acid to obtain a ratio lower to 5:1 between these fatty acids. Results: A significant decrease in the food addiction score and plasmatic levels of arachidonic acid was observed in the participants exposed to the experimental treatment, showing a directly proportional correlation, moreover, the standard treatment was associated to inverse correlations between these variables. Conclusion: The decrease in plasmatic arachidonic acid levels was associated with lower scores on the mYFAS 2.0 of food addiction in the participants of this study following their exposure to the experimental treatment.

Comportamiento de adicción a la comida en pacientes recientemente diagnosticados con diabetes tipo 2 / Food addiction behavior in patients with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes

Resumen Antecedentes: El concepto de adicción a la comida describe las dificultades de algunos individuos respecto al consumo de comida. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de la adicción a la comida y su asociación con el índice de masa corporal (IMC), consumo de calorías y control terapéutico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) de diagnóstico reciente. Material y: métodos: Se incluyeron 1080 pacientes con DMT2. Se determinó el grado de control terapéutico con niveles de hemoglobina glicada, colesterol de baja densidad y presión arterial. El consumo diario de calorías fue estimado con un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Resultados: Casi todos los pacientes mostraron sobrepeso (40.5 %) y obesidad (49.1 %). La frecuencia de adicción a la comida fue de 54.2 % (56.9 % en mujeres y 48.9 % en hombres). La adicción a la comida se asoció a IMC (RM = 1.89, p ≤ 0.05), alto consumo calórico (RM = 1.14, p ≤ 0.05) y hemoglobina glicada > 7 % (RM = 1.43, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusiones: La adicción a la comida es frecuente en pacientes con sobrepeso/obesidad y DMT2 recientemente diagnosticada y se asocia al consumo calórico superior a lo recomendado, grado de obesidad y pobre control terapéutico.

Abstract Background: The concept of food addiction describes the difficulties of some individuals with regard to food consumption. Objective: To determine the frequency of food addiction and its association with body mass index (BMI), calorie consumption and therapeutic control in patients with newly-diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Material and methods: A total of 1,080 patients with T2DM were included. The degree of metabolic control was determined with the levels of glycated hemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure. Daily caloric consumption was estimated with a semi-quantitative questionnaire of food consumption frequency. Results: Nearly all patients showed overweight (40.5 %) and obesity (49.1 %). The frequency of food addiction was 54.2 % (56.9 % in women and 48.9 % in men). Food addiction was associated with BMI (OR = 1.89, p ≤ 0.05), high caloric intake (OR = 1.14, p ≤ 0.05) and glycated hemoglobin > 7 % (OR = 1.43, p ≤ 0.05) Conclusions: Food addiction is common in patients with overweight/obesity and newly-diagnosed T2DM, and is associated with higher-than-recommended caloric consumption, obesity degree and poor metabolic control.

Binge eating disorder and food addiction occurrences among adult Jordanian women with obesity

@#Introduction: The aim of the study was to estimate the occurrences of binge eating disorder (BED) and food addiction (FA) in Jordanian women with obesity and to explore their relationships with selected potential risk factors for obesity. Methods: A descriptive case series design that involved a total of 842 women with obesity was conducted. The occurrences of BED and FA were evaluated using the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-5 (QEWP-5) and Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0). Results: The overlapping of BED and FA (BED+FA) was the most frequent category constituting 53.7%. The second highest category was BED comprising 25.0%, followed by FA comprising 9.0%. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly higher in the BED+FA group as compared to all other groups. The FA group (41.3%) had significantly the lowest level of sleeping hours. BED (58.0%) and BED+FA (66.1%) groups were significantly higher in consuming more than three snacks per day. BED and/or FA-free group had significantly higher level of water intake of >5 cups/day. Conclusions: The frequencies of BED and FA were relatively high among obese Jordanian women. The study demonstrated an overlap between BED and FA, highlighting its associations with increased BMI and WC in a selected sample of obese women. The study suggested that BED, FA, and the overlapping of both conditions were associated with greater tendencies towards an unhealthy pattern of eating practices, fluid intake, and sleeping habits.

Research progress on metabolites of intestinal flora and food addiction in diabetic patients / 中华临床营养杂志

Appetite is a physiological and psychological factor that governs food intake and food selection. It is regulated by central nerve nuclei, transmitters, peripheral receptors and appetite related factors. Food addiction(FA) and diabetes are related physiologically and pathologically, and are reciprocal independent risk factors. According to research, food addiction is categorized within the subgroup of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes and is regulated by the mesolimbic dopamine system in the brain, driving extreme hedonic overeating behavior. Food addiction is closely associated with genetic and environmental factors. Many products of intestinal flora metabolism are also involved in the occurrence and development of food addiction. In turn, food addiction also causes changes in intestinal flora metabolites. This article focuses on the correlation between intestinal microbial metabolites and food addiction in diabetic patients.

Probiotic supplementation attenuates binge eating and food addiction 1 year after roux-en-y gastric bypass: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial / Suplementação de probióticos atenua compulsão e vício alimentar um ano após cirurgia bariátrica por bypass gástrico em y de roux: um estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, placebo controlado

BACKGROUND: The use of probiotics as adjuvants in the treatment of eating disorders, known as psychobiotics, has already been investigated as a means of modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis. AIM: This study aimed to assess the effect of probiotic supplementation on binge eating and food addiction in subjects after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. METHODS: This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 101 patients who received probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07) or placebo supplements for 90 days after bariatric surgery, starting on the seventh postoperative day. They were evaluated preoperatively (T0) and postoperatively at 90 days (T1) and 1 year (T2) after surgery. The Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) and Binge Eating Scale (BES) were applied to assess food addiction and binge eating, respectively. RESULTS: Before surgery, one-third of the patients presented with a food addiction and binge eating diagnosis. The number of symptoms of YFAS and the BES score decreased significantly in both groups at T1 compared to T0. However, a significant effect of treatment with probiotics was observed 1 year after surgery (T2). Both the number of symptoms of food addiction and the binge eating score were lower in the probiotic group than in the placebo group (p=0.037 and p=0.030, respectively). CONCLUSION: The use of probiotic supplementation for 90 days in the immediate postoperative period may decrease food addiction symptoms and binge eating score up to 1 year after surgery compared to controls.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: O uso de probióticos como coadjuvantes no tratamento de distúrbios alimentares, conhecidos como psicobióticos, já foi investigado na modulação do eixo intestino-microbiota-cérebro. OBJETIVO: Analisar a influência da suplementação com probióticos no vício e compulsão alimentar em indivíduos submetidos à cirurgia de bypass gástrico em Y-de-Roux MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo, envolvendo 101 pacientes que receberam suplementação de probiótico (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM e Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07) ou placebo, durante 90 dias após a cirurgia bariátrica, com início no sétimo dia de pós-operatório. Os indivíduos foram avaliados no pré-operatório (T0) e no pós-operatório aos 90 dias (T1) e 1 ano (T2) após a cirurgia. A Escala de Dependência Alimentar de Yale (YFAS) e a Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica (ECAP) foram aplicadas para avaliar o vício e compulsão alimentar, respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Antes da cirurgia, um terço dos pacientes apresentou diagnóstico de dependência alimentar e compulsão alimentar. O número de sintomas da YFAS e a pontuação da ECAP diminuiu significativamente em ambos os grupos em T1 em comparação com T0. Entretanto, um ano após a cirurgia (T2), tanto o número de sintomas de vício alimentar como a pontuação de compulsão alimentar foram menores no grupo probiótico do que no grupo placebo (p = 0,037 e p = 0,030, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: A utilização de suplemento probiótico durante 90 dias após a cirurgia pode diminuir os sintomas de vício alimentar e a pontuação de compulsão alimentar um ano após a cirurgia em comparação com o grupo controle.

Adição por comida: prevalência e fatores associados em um estudo de base populacional no Rio de Janeiro / Food addiction: prevalence and factors associated in a population-based study in Rio de Janeiro

Adição por comida caracteriza-se por uma perda de controle sobre o consumo de certos tipos de alimentos, na maioria das vezes hiperpalatáveis, e por tentativas fracassadas de ultrapassar o problema alimentar apesar das consequências adversas. A tese atual descreve a prevalência de adição por comida e fatores associados (socioeconómicos, demográficos, estilos de vida, estado nutricional, comorbilidades psiquiátricas e clínicas) em uma amostra representativa da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Este é um estudo transversal que utiliza dados do Compulsão alimentar no Rio -Binge Eating in Rio Survey, um inquérito domiciliar que incluiu 2.297 indivíduos dos 18 aos 60 anos. Os participantes forneceram informações sociodemográficas, antropométricas, sobre o estilo de vida, comorbidades clínicas e psiquiátricas. O instrumento utilizado para avaliar a adição por comida foi a escala modificada de adição por comida de Yale 2.0. A entrevista foi aplicada face-a-face. E os dados foram coletados entre setembro de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020. Prevalência e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (95%CI) foram estimados considerando o peso da amostral e o desenho complexo do inquérito. Foram utilizados modelos de regressão logística para estimar a razão de chance entre as comorbidades psiquiátricas, clínicas e adição por comida. Os modelos foram ajustados para potenciais variáveis de confusão, sexo, idade e IMC. A prevalência de Adição por comida foi de 2,78% (95%CI 1,40 a 4,17) e, foi classificada como leve em 17% dos casos, moderada em 36% e como severa em 46%. A prevalência de adição por comida nas mulheres foi superior à dos homens, 4,08% vs 1,39 (p=0.001), com tendência decrescente com a idade (p=0,017). Quanto ao IMC, adição por comida foi mais prevalente entre aqueles com IMC mais elevado 6,76 % (IC95%CI 4,19 a 10,70) em comparação com aqueles com IMC normal 0,69% (IC95%CI 0,31 a 1,53). Entre aqueles que tinham adição por comida, a prevalência de sintomas psiquiátricos foi de: 75,41% com sintomas de depressão, 77,05% com sintomas de ansiedade, 19,7% de transtorno de compulsão alimentar, 32,79% de transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, e 19,7% de consumo de álcool. Adição por comida foi associada a todas as comorbidades psiquiátricas, tanto nos modelos brutos como nos modelos ajustados. Entre as morbidades clínicas, os modelos brutos e ajustados mostraram uma associação entre adição por comida e uma maior chance de diabetes, AVC, asma, asma crônica, dores de cabeça, problemas musculares, e refluxo gastroesofágico. Quanto à força da associação, aumentou quando ajustado para problemas crônicos da coluna vertebral e IMC. Como observado em outros países, a adição por comida foi mais frequente nas mulheres e nos indivíduos mais jovens; associou-se à obesidade, também a IMC mais elevado, a comorbidades psiquiátricas e a várias comorbidades clínicas.

Food addiction (FA) is characterized by a loss of control, causing overeating of certain kinds of foods, most often hyperpalatable foods, and failed attempts to overcome the eating problem despite adverse consequences. The current thesis describes the prevalence of FA and associated factors (socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, nutritional status, psychiatric and clinical comorbidities) in a representative sample of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This is a cross sectional study using data from the Binge Eating in Rio Survey, a household survey that included 2.297 individuals from 18 to 60 years. The participants will provide sociodemographic information, lifestyle, clinical comorbidities, and psychiatrics. The instrument used to evaluate the FA will be the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. The interview was applied face-to face. Data were collected from September 2019 to February 2020. Prevalence and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated considering the sample weight. In analyses were performed logistic regression models to estimate odd ratios between psychiatric and clinical comorbidities. Models were an adjustment for potential confounder variables, gender, age, and Body Mass Index (BMI). The prevalence of FA according to YFAS 2.0 was 2.78% and, 17.42% was classified as mild, 36.49% as moderate, 46.09% as severe. The prevalence of FA in women was higher than men, 4.08% vs 1.39% (p=0.001), and with a decreasing trend with age (p=0.017). Regarding the BMI, FA was more prevalent among those with a higher BMI 6.76 % (95%CI 4.19 to 10.70) compared those in the normal BMI range 0.69% (9is 5%CI 0.31 to 1.53). Among those who had a FA, the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms was as follows: 75.41% with symptoms of Depression, 77.05% symptoms of Anxiety, 19.7% Binge Eating Disorder, 32.79% Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms, and 19.7% alcohol use. Food addiction was associated with all psychiatric morbidities in both the crude and adjusted models. Among the clinical morbidities the unadjusted and crude models showed an association between food addiction and an increased chance of diabetes, stroke, asthma, chronic asthma, headaches, muscle problems, and gastroesophageal reflux. Regarding the increase of association, when adjusted for chronic spinal problems and BMI increases the OR values: FA was a prevalent condition in Brazil, more frequent in women and younger individuals, and associated also with higher BMI as observed in studies from high income countries. Furthermore, it shows that they constitute a group with specific characteristics and deserve special attention in this regard. FA was associated with psychiatric comorbidity and several clinical comorbidities in our sample.

Adicción a los Alimentos y Antojos en Preescolares referidos por sus Cuidadores / Food Addiction and Cravings in Preschoolers Residents Recognized by Their Caregivers

Resumen Objetivos: 1) Identificar y contrastar los síntomas de adicción a los alimentos en preescolares con y sin sobrepeso-obesidad (SP-OB), 2) Identificar y contrastar la frecuencia e intensidad de los antojos por alimentos en preescolares con y sin SP-OB, 3) Identificar factores que determinan el índice de masa corporal (IMC) del preescolar. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, participaron 201 cuidadores. Se aplicó la Escala Adicción a los Alimentos de Yale para Niños (YFAS-C) y Cuestionario Características de Antojos por los Alimentos. Se midió peso y talla del preescolar. Resultados: El coeficiente de fiabilidad Kuder-Richardson de YFAS-C, fue 0.635. El 91% de los cuidadores fueron madres. La media de síntomas de adicción a los alimentos en preescolares con SP-OB fue=0.3488 (n = 43) y sin SP-OB ẋ = 0.3987 (n = 158), U = 3351.00, p ˃ 0.05. Anticipación de refuerzo positivo fue la característica de antojo con la media más alta (ẋ= 9.05, DE = 4.21) y la más baja emociones (ẋ = 2.40, DE = 0.878), no se encontraron diferencias significativas. No se encontró relación entre los síntomas de adicción a los alimentos y el IMC del preescolar. Los antojos contribuyeron al IMC del preescolar, varianza explicada 12.2%. Conclusiones: La escala YFAS-C es la única diseñada para evaluar los síntomas de adicción a los alimentos en niños, sin embargo, en el presente estudio no se identificaron síntomas. Se recomienda continuar explorando este concepto, en este grupo de edad.

Abstract Objective: 1) To identify and to compare the food addiction symptoms of preschoolers with and without overweight-obesity (OW-OB), 2) To identify and to compare the frequency and intensity of food preschoolers cravings with and without overweight-obesity, 3) To identify factors that determine of preschooler BMI. Material and Methods: Descriptive correlational study, participated 201 caregivers. The Yale Food Addiction Scale for Children YFAS-C and Food Cravings Characteristics Questionnaire were applied. Preschooler weight and height were measured. Results: Kuder-Richardson reliability coefficient of YFAS-C was 0.635. A 91% of caregivers were mothers. Food addiction symptoms mean of preschoolers with OW-OB ẋ = 0.3488 (n = 43) and without OW-OB ẋ = 0.3987 (n = 158), U = 3351.00, p ˃ 0.05. The positive reinforcement anticipation was craving characteristic with the highest mean (ẋ = 9.05, SD = 4.21) and the lowest was emotions (ẋ = 2.40, SD = 0.878), no significant differences were found. No relation between food addiction symptoms and preschooler BMI was found. Cravings contributed to the preschool BMI, variance explained 12.2%. Conclusions: The YFAS-C scale is the only one designed to evaluate the food addiction symptoms of children, however none food addiction symptoms were identified. It is recommended to continue exploring this concept in this age group.

Clinical efficacy observation of acupoint thread-embedding in treating obese patients with food addiction / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

Objective: To observe the effects of acupoint thread-embedding therapy and low-carbohydrate diet therapy on obese patients with food addiction. Methods: Sixty-five eligible patients were randomized into a thread-embedding group of 33 cases and a diet group of 32 cases to respectively receive 12-week treatment. Before treatment, after treatment and at 6-month follow-up, the two groups were observed and compared in terms of body mass (BM), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body mass index (BMI), body fat rate (BFR), basal metabolic rate (BMR) and Yale food addiction scale version 2.0 (YFAS 2.0). Results: At the end of treatment, there were no significant differences in the general efficacy, and the improvements in BM, BMI, WC, HC, WHR and BFR between the thread-embedding group and diet group (all P>0.05). At follow-up, the thread-embedding group showed more significant improvements in all the aforementioned indicators compared with the diet group except HC (all P<0.05). At the end of treatment and follow-up, BMR and YFSA 2.0 had more significant improvements in the thread-embedding group than in the diet group (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Acupoint thread-embedding therapy can produce significant efficacy in treating obese patients with food addiction; it can improve the food addiction state and work better in maintaining the efficacy compared with low-carbohydrate diet therapy.

Existe uma relação entre autocompaixão e adição à comida em mulheres com comportamentos alimentares disfuncionais? / Is there a relationship between self-compassion and food addiction in women with dysfunctional eating behaviors?

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre autocompaixão e adição à comida em mulheres com comportamento alimentar disfuncional. Métodos: Mulheres de um grupo de apoio completaram as escalas de compulsão alimentar, restrição cognitiva, autocompaixão, Escala de Adição à Comida de Yale versão modificada 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) e questionário de Hay para práticas compensatórias. Foram identificados a prevalência de adição à comida e sintomas segundo a YFAS. Para serem incluídas, as participantes deveriam atingir pontuação para compulsão alimentar e, para análises, foram divididas em função da presença de práticas compensatórias. O grupo foi analisado por meio de testes de correlação de Pearson entre variáveis de interesse, e os grupos bulímico e compulsivo foram comparados com teste t de Student (p < 0,05; software JASP). Resultados: Participaram do estudo 190 mulheres. De acordo com a YFAS, 95,3% (n = 181) tinham adição à comida, e os escores da escala apresentaram correlação negativa com a autocompaixão e com a compulsão alimentar (p = 0,014 em ambas). Os níveis de autocompaixão apresentaram correlação negativa com as questões #3, #5, #6, #8 e #9 da YFAS (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Este estudo traz dados para a discussão da necessidade de analisar como a autocrítica atrelada ao sofrimento de quem apresenta comportamento alimentar disfuncional afeta o preenchimento da escala, trazendo identificação com a noção de vício, já que esta é culturalmente aceita.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the relationship between self-compassion and food addiction in women with disordered eating behavior. Methods: Women from a support group completed the binge eating scale, cognitive restraint, self-compassion, modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0), and Hay's questionnaire for compensatory practices. The prevalence of "food addiction" and symptoms, according to YFAS, was identified. To be included, participants should achieve binge eating scores, and for analysis, they were divided according to the presence of compensatory practices. The group was analyzed using Pearson's correlation tests between variables of interest, and the bulimic and compulsive groups were compared with Student's t-test (p < 0.05; JASP software). Results: 190 women participated in the study. According to YFAS, 95.3% (n = 181) had food addiction, and the scale scores showed a negative correlation with self-compassion and binge eating (p = 0.014 for both). The levels of self-compassion showed a negative correlation with questions #3, #5, #6, #8 and #9 of YFAS (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study brings data to discuss the need to analyze how self-judgment linked to the suffering of the experience of those who show upset eating behavior, affects the scale filling, bringing identification with the notion of addiction since it is culturally accepted.

The association between food addiction, disordered eating behaviors and food intake / A associação entre dependência alimentar, distúrbios do comportamento alimentar e dependência alimentar

ABSTRACT Objective This study was conducted with 370 undergraduate students to investigate the relationship between food intake, food addiction and disordered eating behavior. Methods The Yale Food Addiction Scale, Eating Attitude Test-26 and Food Frequency Questionnaire were used to assess food addiction, disordered eating behavior and food intake. Results A positive weak correlation was found between the Yale Food Addiction Scale and daily energy, carbohydrate and fat intake (r=0.228, p<0.001; r=0.222, p<0.001; r=0.225, p<0.001 respectively) whereas a negative weak correlation was found between Eating Attitude Test-26 and daily energy and carbohydrate intake (r=-0.105, p=0.044; r=-0.116, p=0.025 respectively). Conclusion Food intake is associated with food addiction and disordered eating behaviour. Further research should be conducted with a larger population also examining body composition, exercises and financial situation of the individuals because all of these factors have an influence on the nutritional status and eating behavior as well.

RESUMO Objetivo Participaram neste estudo 370 estudantes universitários. O objetivo era investigar a relação entre consumo alimentar, dependência alimentar e distúrbios do comportamento alimentar. Métodos A Escala de Dependência Alimentar de Yale, o Teste de Atitudes Alimentares-26 e o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar foram utilizados para avaliar a dependência alimentar, os transtornos do comportamento alimentar e o consumo alimentar. Resultados Verificaram-se uma correlação positiva fraca entre a Escala de Dependência Alimentar de Yale e a ingestão diária de calorias, carboidratos e gorduras (r=0,228, p<0,001; r=0,222, p<0,001; r=0,225, p<0,001 respectivamente) e uma correlação negativa fraca entre o Teste de Atitudes Alimentares-26 e o consumo diário de calorias e carboidratos (r=-0,105, p=0,044; r=-0,116, p=0,025 respectivamente). Conclusão O consumo alimentar está associado à dependência alimentar e aos distúrbios do comportamento alimentar. No futuro, devem ser realizadas pesquisas em amostras maiores e devem também ser avaliados a composição corporal, hábitos do exercício físico e a situação financeira dos indivíduos, pois esses fatores influenciam quer a sua situação nutricional, quer os seus comportamentos alimentares.

Effects of mobile application-based dietary intervention on weight loss and food addiction in overweight or obese people / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective@#“Food addiction” may be one of the drivers of the obesity epidemic. Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss can significantly alleviate food addiction in overweight or obese people. Appetite regulation is part of the feedback control system for energy balance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mobile application-based dietary intervention on weight-loss and food addiction in overweight and obese adults.@*Methods@#A total of 101 overweight or obese people aged over 18 years, who were admitted to the obese multidisciplinary clinic of Ningbo First Hospital from August 2015 to January 2018 were enrolled. All subjects received health education and dietary guidance, and submitted their diet log through the weight management application of their smartphone. Over 12 weeks, a dietitian guided and corrected the subjects who did not meet the diet standards. Interviews, physical examinations, laboratory tests, and the Yale Food Addiction Scale Questionnaire survey were administered before and after the intervention (12 weeks) comparing subjects’ weight, food addiction symptom count, and the proportion of food addiction before and after intervention. Statistical analysis of body composition measurements, blood biochemical parameters, and symptom count scores was performed using paired data t-test, McNemar chi-square test, and Fisher’s exact test.@*Results@#A total of 101 overweight and obese subjects were enrolled, including 31 males and 70 females, with an average age of (30.4±7.3) years, mean body mass index of (32.76±4.46) kg/m2, and average body weight of (89.95±17.12) kg. The proportion of food addiction was 26.73%. After 12 weeks of dietary intervention with the mobile application, the number of people with food addiction decreased from 27 to 14, the proportion of food addiction decreased by 12.87%, the proportion of symptom counts ≥3 decreased from 41.58% to 19.80%.（χ²=5.17， 11.26, all P <0.01), and the symptom count decreased from 2.25 ±1.61 to 1.50±1.31 (t=3.64, P<0.001). Simultaneously, body weight, BMI, and waist circumference decreased by (6.54±1.03) kg, (2.35±0.36) kg/m2, and (6.50±0.86) cm (t=6.36, 5.62 and 3.78, all P<0.001), respectively, compared with those before the intervention. Metabolic indicators such as fasting glucose, insulin resistance index, and LDL-C cholesterol also significantly improved, with a decrease of (0.38±0.10) mmol/L, 1.83±0.46, (0.22±0.75) mmol/L (t=3.67, 3.59, 2.97, all P<0.01).@*Conclusion@#The smartphone application-based dietary intervention can effectively improve blood glucose and lipid levels in overweight and obese people, reduce visceral fat accumulation and reduce insulin resistance, and improve the food addiction status of overweight and obese people.

Adicción Alimentaria: ¿Otro determinante asociado a la adhesión del tratamiento nutricional? / Dependência de Alimentos: Outro determinante associado à adesão de tratamento nutricional? / Food Addiction: Another determinant associated with the adhesion of nutritional treatment

Resumen: Los Programas de Prevención Secundaria Cardiovascular se han desarrollado para mejorar el proceso de atención de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica y/o con alto riesgo cardiovascular. Sin embargo, la adherencia terapéutica en algunos aspectos es limitada, por lo que conocer la prevalencia de adicción alimentaria en esta población podría ser de utilidad para redireccionar la intervención nutricional. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la prevalencia de adicción alimentaria de los pacientes que asisten al Programa de Prevención Secundaria Cardiovascular del Fondo nacional de Recursos en el período octubre a diciembre 2016 en el departamento de Montevideo, Uruguay. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, observacional y de corte transversal. Se estudian 153 pacientes a los que se les aplicó el cuestionario estructurado YFAS de Gearhardt y valoración del estado nutricional a través del IMC extraído del Sistema Informático María del FNR. El 63% de la población fue del sexo masculino, 8 de cada 10 de los encuestados fueron adultos mayores (≥60 años), y predominó la malnutrición por exceso en el 70% de los encuestados, encontrándose obesidad en 4 de cada 10. La prevalencia de adicción alimentaria en el total de los encuestados fue del 5,9% (IC95%=2,7-10,9), siendo más prevalente en el rango etáreo de menores de 60 años. Dentro de la categoría de obesidad la prevalencia de adicción alimentaria fue 13,8% seguida por el sobrepeso. Se observa en un 10% de la población la presencia de 3 o más síntomas para adicción alimentaria sin tener aún la significación clínica que determine la presencia de la patología, predominando esto en la población del sexo masculino y en los menores de 60 años. Esta presencia dentro de la categoría de obesidad se puede ver en un 10%. Se concluye que casi el 6% de la población presentó adicción alimentaria y que un 10% tuvieron 3 o más síntomas propios de la patología. Incluir el test en la consulta de los pacientes pertenecientes al PPSCV permitiría derivar al equipo de psicología de la institución los pacientes que así lo requieran.

Resumo: Programas secundários de prevenção cardiovascular foram desenvolvidos para melhorar o processo de atendimento de pacientes com cardiopatia isquêmica e / ou com alto risco cardiovascular. No entanto, a adesão terapêutica em alguns aspectos é limitada, portanto, conhecer a prevalência de dependência alimentar nessa população pode ser útil para redirecionar a intervenção nutricional. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a prevalência de dependência alimentar de pacientes do Programa de Prevenção Secundária Cardiovascular do Fundo Nacional de Recursos no período de outubro a dezembro de 2016 no departamento de Montevidéu, Uruguai. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, observacional e transversal. Foram estudados 153 pacientes aos quais foi aplicado o questionário estruturado YFAS de Gearhardt e a avaliação do estado nutricional por meio do IMC extraído do María Informatics System do FNR. 63% da população era do sexo masculino, 8 em cada 10 entrevistados eram adultos mais velhos (≥60 anos) e a supernutrição prevaleceu em 70% dos entrevistados, com obesidade em 4 em cada 10. a prevalência de dependência alimentar no total dos entrevistados foi de 5,9% (IC95% = 2,7-10,9), sendo mais prevalente na faixa etária de crianças menores de 60 anos. Na categoria obesidade, a prevalência de dependência alimentar foi de 13,8%, seguida pelo excesso de peso. Observa-se em 10% da população a presença de 3 ou mais sintomas de dependência alimentar sem ainda ter o significado clínico que determina a presença da patologia, predominantemente na população masculina e naqueles com menos de 60 anos. Essa presença na categoria obesidade pode ser vista em 10%. Conclui-se que quase 6% da população apresentava dependência alimentar e 10% apresentavam 3 ou mais sintomas da patologia. A inclusão do teste na consulta de pacientes pertencentes ao PPSCV permitiria que os pacientes que precisassem dele se referirem à equipe de psicologia da instituição.

Summary: The Cardiovascular Secondary Prevention Programs have been developed to improve the care process for patients with ischemic heart disease and / or with high cardiovascular risk. However, the therapeutic adherence in some aspects is limited, so knowing the prevalence of food addiction in this population could be useful to redirect the nutritional intervention. The objective of this study is to study the prevalence of food addiction in patients attending the Cardiovascular Secondary Prevention Program of the National Resources Fund from October to December 2016 in the department of Montevideo. It is a descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study. 153 patients were studied, the structured YFAS questionnaire of Gearhardt was applied and the nutritional status was assessed through the IMC extracted from the Maria IT System of the FNR. 63% of the population was male, 8 out of 10 of the respondents were elderly (≥60 years), and excess malnutrition predominated in 70% of respondents, with obesity in 4 out of 10. The prevalence of food addiction in the total of the respondents was 5.9% (95% CI = 2.7-10.9), being more prevalent in the age range of those under 60 years of age. Within the category of obesity, the prevalence of food addiction was 13.8%, followed by overweight. The presence of 3 or more symptoms for food addiction was observed in 10% of the population without having the clinical significance that determines the presence of the pathology, predominating in the male population and in those under 60 years of age. This presence within the category of obesity can be seen in 10%. It is concluded that almost 6% of the population had food addiction and 10% had 3 or more symptoms typical of the pathology. Including the test in the appointment of patients belonging to the CSPP would allow referral to the psychology team of the institution of those who require it.

Psychometric properties of the modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2 0 in a large Brazilian sample

Objective: The field of food addiction has attracted growing research attention. The modified Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (mYFAS 2.0) is a screening tool based on DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders. However, there is no validated instrument to assess food addiction. Methods: The mYFAS 2.0 has been transculturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. The data for this study was obtained through an anonymous web-based research platform: participants provided sociodemographic data and answered Brazilian versions of the the mYFAS 2.0 and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11). Analysis included an assessment of the Brazilian mYFAS 2.0's internal consistency reliability, factor structure, and convergent validity in relation to BIS-11 scores. Results: Overall, 7,639 participants were included (71.3% females; age: 27.2±7.9 years). The Brazilian mYFAS 2.0 had adequate internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89). A single factor solution yielded the best goodness-of-fit parameters for both the continuous and categorical version of the mYFAS 2.0 in confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, mYFAS 2.0 correlated with BIS-11 total scores (Spearman's rho = 0.26, p < 0.001) and subscores. Conclusion: The Brazilian mYFAS 2.0 demonstrated adequate psychometric properties in our sample; however, future studies should further evaluate its discriminant validity.

Adicción alimentaria en Latinoamérica / Food addiction in Latin America

La adicción alimentaria es un trastorno que se caracteriza por un deseo incontrolable de ingerir alimentos con alto contenido de grasas y azúcares. Esta dependencia se debe en parte, a que dichos alimentos activan el sistema de recompensa cerebral de manera similar a las drogas. Ello genera la liberación de neurotransmisores como la dopamina y oxitocina, lo cual desencadena una necesidad de repetir la conducta. En países desarrollados (en Europa, Asia y Norteamérica), existen reportes de adicción alimentaria en niños, adolescentes, estudiantes universitarios, grupos de minorías sexuales, mujeres y población adulta que padecen obesidad y/o sobrepeso. En Latinoamérica, estudios realizados en Chile reportan que 10% de estudiantes universitarios sufren adicción alimentaria, mientras que en Brasil 4% de adultos tienen el mismo trastorno. Los estudios sobre prevalencias de adicción alimentaria son escasos. Asimismo, se requieren validaciones de instrumentos de diagnóstico y estudios sobre la efectividad de la psicoterapia para modificar conductas en este trastorno.

Food addiction is a disorder characterized by an uncontrollable desire to eat foods high in fats and sugars. These foods activate the brain reward system in a similar way to drugs generating the release of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and oxytocin which trigger a need to repeat the behavior. In developed countries in Europe, Asia, and North America, there are reports of food addiction in children, adolescents, university students, sexual minorities, women and the adult population that suffer from obesity or overweight. In Latin America, studies conducted in Chile report that 10% of university students suffer food addiction, while in Brazil 4% of adults have the same disorder. There are few studies on the prevalence of food addiction. Likewise, validations of diagnostic instruments and studies on the effectiveness of psychotherapy are required to modify behaviors in this disorder.

Does salt addiction exist? / ¿Existe la adicción a la sal?

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Salt consumption activates the brain reward system, inducing cravings and the search for salted food. Its excessive intake is associated with high blood pressure and obesity. The high quantity of salt in processed food is most likely a major cause of the global pandemic of hypertension (HT). OBJECTIVE: To review the current information on the topic of salt addiction and the health consequences this has. METHOD: A search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and EBSCOhost databases was conducted with the keywords "salt", "salt addiction", and "food addiction". Articles with information relative to the topic of interest were checked, as were references of those articles and historical and culturally complementary information. RESULTS: We described the historical relationship between man and salt, the physiology of salty taste perception, its role in the reward system and the health consequences of a high sodium diet. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: There is physiological and behavioural evidence that some people may develop a true addiction to food. Among these people, salt addiction seems to be of great importance in the development of obesity, HT and other diseases. Sodium is present in high quantities in processed food as salt and monosodium glutamate (MSG), used as flavour enhancers and food preservatives, including in non-salty foods like bread and soft drinks.

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: El consumo de sal activa el sistema de recompensa cerebral, induciendo el deseo y búsqueda de alimentos salados. Su ingesta excesiva se asocia a presión arterial elevada y obesidad. La gran cantidad de sal en los alimentos procesados ha permitido que la hipertensión (HT) se instale hoy día como una pandemia. OBJETIVO: Revisar la bibliografía existente en el tema de adicción a la sal y sus consecuencias en la salud. MÉTODO: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos PubMed, EBSCOhost y ScienceDirect con las palabras claves "salt", "salt addiction", "food addiction"; se revisaron los artículos que contuvieran información relativa al tema de interés así como referencias en estos mismos artículos e información histórica y cultural complementaria. RESULTADOS: Describimos la relación histórica entre el hombre y la sal, los mecanismos fisiológicos de percepción del sabor salado, su acción sobre el sistema de recompensa y las consecuencias en la salud de una dieta alta en sodio. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Existe evidencia fisiológica y comportamental de que las personas pueden desarrollar una verdadera adicción a la ingestión de alimentos. Entre estas personas la adición a la sal juega un papel muy importante para el desarrollo de obesidad, hipertensión y otras enfermedades. El sodio está presente en altas cantidades en los alimentos procesados en forma de sal y glutamato monosódico (MSG), usados como conservadores o aditivos alimentarios, incluso en alimentos no salados como harinas y refrescos dulces.

Fast food addiction – The junk enslavement.

Research question: What extent do we crave for fast foods Background: Fast foods are consumed in larger quantities intended with persistent desire or futile efforts to minimise or to cease the intake of these items; hence it is called as “FAST FOOD ADDICTION”. Nowadays, there is an uncontrollable craving for excess of quick foods that has lead to significant life style modifications in the society regardless of the age group. In spite of quantum of this problem, there are very few studies from India investigating the addiction towards fast foods. Material and methods: This study was done as a community based cross sectional study at the outskirts of Chennai, India during November 2013 to January 2014 with the objectives of assessing the prevalence and its risk factors of the quick food addiction among adults. Individuals of adult age group were randomly selected and the data’s were collected using direct questionnaire method with proper informed consent. The data was entered in MS excel sheet and analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: Total 541 study participants were interviewed of which 58.8% were males with the mean age of 26 years. Among the study population 82.8% belonged to nuclear family and 65.1% were from class I socioeconomic status. The prevalence of quick food addiction was 30% (160). About 49.2% of people liked KFC as their favourite quick food place. Fast food addiction was significantly associated with male gender (p=0.02), professionals (p=0.000), unmarried (p=0.000), who enjoys quick food (p=0.014), KFC (p=0.003). Conclusion: The prevalence of fast food addiction among adult population in our study was moderately high and hence interventions should be made to create cognizance among the general population about the risk factors and consequences in consuming large amount of fast foods.

Addictive Aspects of Eating Disorders and Obesity / 신경정신의학

The aim of this literature review was to evaluate the hedonic aspect of eating-related disorders. Addiction research has implications for the study of eating disorders and obesity and therefore, we collated and summarized recent clinical and neuroscience findings in regard to the "wanting" or "liking" aspect of eating disorders and obesity. The addictive personality is prone to substance dependence and these personality types are also known to be susceptible to binge eating. The biological framework underpinning the hedonic aspect of abnormal eating behavior has two components: 1) the incentive component of "wanting" or, in its extreme, craving feeling involving the dopaminergic system, and 2) the pleasure or "liking" network involving the opioid and cannabinoid systems. The hedonic system is not merely related to food, but is part of a global organizational unit governing behavioral choices. In general, patients with anorexia nervosa (restricting) were less sensitive to reward, whereas patients with bulimia nervosa (binge/purge) were more sensitive to reward. People with obesity tended to be more sensitive to food as a reward, a function which involves the dopamine system. While recognizing the addictive aspect of abnormal eating behaviors, we have provided treatment recommendations with respect to these disorders and obesity.